Human civilization's fascination with gold goes as far back as the Sumerians of Mesopotamia (Modern day Iran and Iraq) where gold was first discovered in the third millennium B.C. While the reasons for accumulating gold have been changing over time, the fascination continues unabated. The gold price is surging again. This week it set a new record of about $890 per troy ounce, well ahead of the previous all-time record of $850 an ounce set in 1980. A troy ounce is about 31.1 grams and a tola is 11.7 grams. Some analysts argue that, even at the nominal price of $890 an ounce today, it remains far below the inflation-adjusted high of about $2200 an ounce, based on the current equivalent of the 1980 dollars. 
There are many factors driving the price of gold in recent times. Among others, the slowing sale of gold reserves by the European central banks and the declining production and falling dollar have been the most cited reasons. However, the one factor that I believe is the most significant is the newfound wealth and the surge in gold demand in South Asia, the Middle East and China. According to the World Gold Council figures, the annual demand in India alone is about 800 tonnes, almost all of it for jewelry. The Indians are estimated to own about 40,000 tonnes of gold, about a third of the world's total. Exact figures for Pakistan are hard to find but demand in Pakistan is estimated at 150-160 tonnes per year. The Chinese are using 220 tonnes a year. A tonne is 32,150 ounces. Most forecasts indicate continuing growth in gold demand as Asian growth continues for the foreseeable future.
In addition to the growth in traditional jewelry demand in South Asia and the Middle East, the US dollar erosion and the inflation and recession fears are fueling investor interest in gold and new ways of investing in gold are thriving. Two ETFs called streetTRACKs Gold Trust (NYSE: GLD) and Metal Gold ETF (LON: PHAU) have been very popular vehicles for retail investors. An ETF is an Exchange Traded Fund. It is similar to a Mutual Fund except that it can be traded like regular shares at any time when the markets are open.
GLD currently holds 628 tonnes of gold, just behind Japan central bank.
Many analysts are quite bullish about continuing surge in gold prices. If, however, Central Banks decide to start selling significant amounts of gold again, gold price could drop. US Federal Reserve alone holds about 8,500 tonnes of gold followed by Germany with 3,400 tonnes. The last crash of the gold price in 1990s was caused by large gold sales by the Bank of England and other European central banks.
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India is boosting its gold reserves as percentage of is total reserves held by its central bank.
Gold prices hit an all-time high of $1097 a troy ounce after India's decision to buy 200 tons of gold from IMF announced Monday.
Prior to this decision, India's gold reserves stood at 557 tons, 11th largest in the world.
By comparison, Pakistan's state bank gold reserves stand at 65 tons, or 41st in the world.
Pakistan 8th biggest gold consumer
Lack of hallmarking resulting in country losing exports
Tuesday, November 18, 2008
By our correspondent
LAHORE: Pakistan is the eighth biggest consumer of gold in the world and annually imports 127 tonnes gold but unfortunately there is no consumer satisfaction and Pakistani jewellery industry suffers from unfair competition by those who under-carat gold and therefore sell at a lower price.
Non-existence of hallmarking results in Pakistan’s increasing loss of exports, self-dependence and less acceptability of Pakistani jewellery products in local and global markets. These views were expressed by the speakers at a seminar titled “Latest Trends in Jewellery Hallmarking”, organised by Pakistan Gems and Jewellery Development Company (PGJDC).
Speaking on the occasion Project Director (PITMAEM), PCSIR Dr Shahzad Alam said that in order to improve the quality of jewellery products, complete quality assessment and hallmarking of gold is imperative.
He informed that hallmarking refers to physically marking a piece of jewellery according to specific laws to certify the purity of metal. Hallmarks are small markings stamped on gold, silver and platinum articles.
A hallmark means that the article has been independently tested and guarantees that it confirms to all legal standards of purity (Fineness). These tests are carried out only by an assay office. A number of successful jewellery industry in the world use hallmarking both as a marketing tool and to ensure consumer confidence, he added.
PGJDC CEO Fawad H Khan informed that the decision to develop hallmarking in Pakistan is part of national strategy submitted by SWOG and ministry of industry’s support. It was aimed at helping Pakistan’s small and medium sized enterprises to reposition themselves on a more competitive footing in the domestic and global markets.
Fawad said that apart from other countries of the world implementation hallmarking law in Pakistan would help country increase its export to approximately 18 signatories’ countries of Vienna convention. He said that the main objective is to create awareness among common people and to improve the image of our local jewellery industry at international levels.
He informed that PGJDC is working on setting up an assaying and hallmarking system with the help of government organisations like (PITMAEM, PCSIR Labs complex) and to develop a strong cooperation between local and international manufacturers of gold jewellery.
http://www.ncel.com.pk/Pakistan.8th.biggest.gold.consumer.php
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