Wednesday, July 15, 2020

Pakistan COVID19 Antibodies Study: 90% of Virus Carriers Have No Symptoms

Guest Post by Dr. Wajiha Javed
Head of Public Health and Research
Getz Pharma, Pakistan.

Key Findings:

 • Survey revealed that 90% of the population who tested COVID-19 positive (screened via serologic test kits) were asymptomatic carriers of the disease, who would have otherwise not presented at a government-approved PCR testing facility.

 • If the results of this study are extrapolated to the rest of the population with similar demographics, the total number of active COVID-19 infections in the country would go up to 4.11 million, which is 17.7 times higher than the current official number.

 • While these findings are restricted to Pakistan’s urban, adult, working population in various metropolises, they still provide useful insights for guiding public health practices across the country.

 • This is a groundbreaking research which can improve Pakistan’s public health response to COVID-19 by increasing testing capacity and ensuring that the true prevalence of the disease is captured via cost-effective methods, thereby reducing the burden on an already exhausted healthcare system.


Coronavirus Antibodies


Full Report:

Pakistan has faced issues regarding limited testing per million population, a cost intensive, symptom-based testing methodology in hospital settings, which focuses exclusively on Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) swab tests. Alongside a limitation of funds, there is a dilemma that a majority of COVID-19 positive cases do not display overt symptoms, and for a large proportion of the population that does not have access to hospitals, a more efficient testing and screening approach is required to ascertain the true prevalence of COVID-19 in Pakistan.
One such approach has been provided by Getz Pharma, the largest branded generic pharmaceutical company in Pakistan, who followed a multi-pronged approach in combating the pandemic. They conducted the first, mass-level sero-prevalence study on general, low-risk population in Pakistan. The target population was 24,210 individuals from different workplaces of Karachi tested via serological kits, and the findings have been extrapolated to the rest of the urban, adult, working population of Pakistan. This is the first of its kind, large scale, groundbreaking census in urban areas of Pakistan, conducted on healthy, asymptomatic adults between 18 to 65 years of age and depicts the true extent of the spread of the disease at 4.11 million individuals, which is 17.7 times higher than the current, official figures of COVID-19 positive cases reported.
Summary:
Population-level serologic testing is a game-changer in monitoring the prevalence and case-fatality of COVID-19 within a population, and it provides valuable insights for developing an effective pandemic response plan. This approach has important implications in guiding public health policies by increasing testing capacity via cost-effective methods. In Pakistan, Getz Pharma conducted a 100% census sero-prevalence study on a sample of individuals with follow-up and sequential testing after every 15-20 days. The sample included an adult, working population between the ages of 18-65 years in urban workplaces of Karachi. This was the first ever large-scale, cross-sectional sero-prevalence study conducted on a low-risk population to assess the prevalence of COVID-19 in Pakistan. The results revealed the prevalence of COVID-19 amongst asymptomatic people using serologic test kits, which allow mass screening hence indicating the total numbers of the infected population which may be many folds higher than indicated by PCR tests which show that only 231,818 people are currently COVID-19 positive in Pakistan.[1]
Amongst the figures from ongoing testing by the government, the proportion tested positive from the total number of people tested is termed as the positivity rate[2] of COVID-19 infections, which is very different from the total prevalence of COVID-19 within a population. The positivity rate only considers the total number of positive cases amongst symptomatic individuals or contacts of COVID-19 positive cases tested divided by the total number of PCR tests conducted.[3] This is in itself a volunteer bias as those who present for PCR tests are the ones having symptoms. Hence, the positivity rate cannot be used to determine the true extent of the disease as it fails to capture the proportion of positive cases within the general, low-risk population including asymptomatic carriers, who can only incidentally be identified via a mass-screening model such as the one implemented by Getz Pharma.
According to Getz Pharma’s study, out of 24,210 individuals screened, 17.5% tested positive, with 7% IgM positive, 6.0% IgG positive and 4.5% combined IgM and IgG positive. These findings have then been extrapolated to the rest of the urban, adult, working population of Pakistan, and as of 6th July, 2020, 4.11 million people in Pakistan have been infected with COVID-19 as opposed to only 231,818 as per government PCR figures.[4]

Table 1: Seroprevalence study results and extrapolations



Getz Pharma has conducted a sero-prevalence 100% testing (census) of various workplaces in Karachi including factories, corporates, restaurants, media houses, schools, banks, healthcare providers in hospitals and families of positives using USFDA EUA and CE approved serologic test kits that have been used in 38 countries globally. Serologic tests are based on the qualitative detection of IgM and IgG generated by the body in response to a SARS-CoV-2 infection.[5] IgM is usually the first antibody type generated by the body in response to a COVID-19 infection, followed by IgG which then replaces IgM as the predominant antibody in the blood. IgM and IgG combat infections by targeting specific antigens on the surface of the virus.[6] The kits used by Getz Pharma have a sensitivity of 95.3% and specificity of 98.7% for IgG, and the sensitivity of 86.48% and specificity of 95.18% for IgM.[7]
Getz Pharma in its efforts to contribute back into the system is also testing 25,000 frontline healthcare providers and their families free of cost. In addition to this, we are also conducting a sequential serological testing every 15 days for all of our 1500 employees to keep our workplace COVID-19 free. More details of the initiative can be found at https://www.dawn.com/news/1559103/what-does-our-seroprevalence-study-tell-us
The results presented are from a sample of 24,210 individuals taken from different workplaces of Karachi. The numbers continue to grow on a daily basis as we continue to test and enroll more people in the study.
As this is a study sample from urban workplaces and not a multistage, cluster random household survey, the extrapolation of the data obtained through this census needs to keep the following statistical considerations in mind:
1. The study population included adults between 18-65 years of age. While extrapolating it to the general population of 220 million, 53% of the population in Pakistan which is under 18 years of age and 4.5% above 65 years[8] needs to be stratified and excluded, thus restricting the universe to 93 million.
2. The population setting of this census was a dense, urban population and excluded 64 percent of the rural population of Pakistan thus reducing the universe to 33 million people from the adult, urban population. It must be noted that the infectivity quotient (R0) is very different between densely urban and less crowded rural populations ranging from 1.4 to 3.9.[9] ,[10]
3. This is a cross-sectional sero-prevalence survey which also includes people who have had COVID-19, have recovered, and are now immune. 90% of those tested positivefrom various workplaces had asymptomatic individuals who would otherwise have never presented for a PCR testing at a government approved facility and would have continued to spread the infection had they not been incidentally tested by their workplaces.
4. Serological kits like the ones Getz Pharma used are FDA EUA approved, with a false positive rate ranging from 2% to a maximum of 7% (Stanford & Massachusetts study)[11] due to nonspecific immunity & nonspecific protection to COVID-19. There may be minimum cross-reactivity with other previous SARS virus. The antibodies can be general and nonspecific to COVID-19 but may be able to provide protection from COVID-19. Studies are still underway to prove this hypothesis (mainly through passive immunization from convalescent COVID-19 plasma which has both specific COVID-19 antibodies as well as nonspecific IVIG). According to a paper published in a peer-reviewed journal in JAMA, even the "gold standard" PCR kits can have an accuracy ranging from 32% (pharyngeal swab) to 63% (nasal swab) depending on the technique of sample collection, the site and the phase of the disease.[12]
5. The initial findings from the workplace census conducted by Getz Pharma show a high prevalence of humoral, adaptive immunity (specific to COVID-19 or cross reactivity to previous SARS) in the Pakistani population, which is different from innate immunity.[13] This is the first of its kind, large scale, groundbreaking census on healthy, urban adults between 18 to 65 years of age.
6. Caution must be applied before assuming that Pakistan is entering herd immunity as there are no studies available to date on our population which show what prevalence is needed in a population before herd immunity kicks in, for how long IgG remains in the blood, and whether or not the serological response is protective or not. The prevalence needed to achieve Herd Immunity Threshold (HIT) has been cited to be 29–74% in literature.[14] Additionally, for herd immunity to be successful, the recovered individuals must carry IgG in the blood for up to many months otherwise the immunity offered is temporary and not able to contribute to herd immunity or even protection from reinfection. Hence, Getz Pharma is conducting a sequential study on recovered individuals to assess the duration of IgG level in the blood.
7. Sero-prevalence studies can allow us to assess the prevalence of the disease rather than just the incidence as indicated through PCR testing of symptomatic individuals. Sero-prevalence studies provide us information about the extent of infections which may be many folds higher than what PCR reported cases indicate[15] [16]. The Santa Clara study[17] and the Iran study[18] showed similar results what Getz Pharma found in Pakistan - the sero-positivity prevalence of COVID-19 indicated that the asymptomatic infection is much higher than the number of confirmed cases of COVID-19. According to media reports sent to Punjab Chief Minister Usman Buzdar in June 2020, up to 670,000 persons could be infected in Lahore alone,[19] yet, a month later, Pakistan is still officially reporting only a total 231,818 PCR confirmed cases (as of 6th July, 2020)[20]. Hence the findings from the sero-prevalence study become even more significant given the context of Pakistan’s rising and under reported cases, as the official data severely under-estimates the true prevalence of infections.
8. Antibody surveys conducted in Germany, the Netherlands, and United States revealed that anywhere between 2% to 30% of certain populations have been infected with COVID-19[21], and the number of confirmed cases provided by government statistics are a much smaller fraction of the true number of people infected. According to Mark Perkins, a diagnostics expert at the World Health Organization, the current number of confirmed cases should have at least indicated 45-60% positive cases,[22] as it would have accurately demonstrated the true extent of silent transmission and possible immunity in the population. However, in reality, even the high numbers being reported are relatively small compared to the true prevalence of the virus. This means that widespread serologic testing is required to ensure that most of the population is screened for COVID-19, so the findings can then be used to better detect infection fatality rate and decide for public policy guidelines.
Like any other epidemiological survey, before it is conclusive, further studies are needed.
Study Results and Extrapolations:
1.     So far, over 24,000 people across various industries’ head offices, banks, restaurants, hospitals, schools and media houses have been screened by Getz Pharma, including all of its own workers.
2.     Out of the total sample size, the total positive cases were 17.5% in the workplace population. Most of these were ongoing infections at 11.5%, while 6% had recovered.
3.     From a sample of 24,210 individuals recruited in the study, a total of 8,937 registered employees were screened from factories and corporate offices. Out of these, 15.2% tested positive. Specifically, 7.2% tested IgM positive, while 4.8% tested IgG positive and 3.2% were combined IgM and IgG positive. This prevalence can be extrapolated to the one million registered working population of Karachi, meaning at least 152,000 infected cases in Karachi alone, with 104,000 being currently infected, unaware and spreading infection to those around them.
4.     These findings can be applied to the remaining urban workforce of Pakistan with similar demographics, between the ages of 18-65 years. By taking a base population of 61.7 million registered workers[23] between this age range in Pakistan, assuming that 36% live in urban areas with similar workplace dynamics (22.21 million), it can be extrapolated that 4,110,381 (4.11 million) from the working population are currently infected/exposed to COVID-19 as of 6th July, 2020.
5.     From a total of 896 individuals screened from media houses and print media, 8.6% tested positive, with 4.7% IgM positive, 2.9% IgG positive and 1% with both. Taking a base population of 50,000 media individuals in Pakistan including mainstream media and print media, we can extrapolate that 4,297 individuals from the media industry of Pakistan are currently exposed to COVID-19.
6.     Amongst 3,120 healthcare workers including doctors and paramedics from different metropoles in Pakistan (Karachi, Lahore, Multan, Peshawar, Quetta) 17% tested positive, with 4.1% currently infected and 4.6% IgG positive which meant that they had been infected in the past and now recovered. Taking a base population of 313,457 healthcare workers [24] across Pakistan as per WHO EMRO, we can extrapolate that  53,248  healthcare workers are currently exposed to COVID-19.
7.     Out of a total of 7,857 individuals screened who were household contacts of a positive case, it was found that 15.9% individuals tested positive, with 4.2% IgM positive, 4.8% IgG positive and 6.8% had both. With 231,818 PCR cases being reported as of 6th July, 2020[25], taking an average Pakistani household size of 6.7[26], the base population on family members of positive cases is 1,553,181. Given a 15.9% secondary Household attack rate, we can extrapolate that 246,508 household members of positive cases are currently exposed to COVID-19.
8.     Out of a total of 3,400 symptomatic individuals in the study, who requested for symptom-based testing at their households, 30% tested positive, with 16% IgM positive and 14% IgG positive. As of 6th July, 2020, there have been 1,420,623 [27] symptom-based COVID-19 tests across Pakistan. If the study was to be extrapolated to all tests done who presented with symptoms, given the false negativity of PCR especially when viral load is less, and given a 30% prevalence of test positivity in individuals who have symptoms, at least    426,187 people currently have COVID-19 in Pakistan.
9.     Overall, from a sample of 24,210 individuals screened, 17.5% tested positive, with 7% IgM positive, 6.0% IgG positive and 4.5% combined IgM and IgG positive. Given the above extrapolations while keeping the study limitations in mind, we can extrapolate that as of 6th July, 2020, currently 4.11 million individuals in Pakistan have been infected with COVID-19 as opposed to 231,818 that the official figures of Pakistan are quoting.[28]
10.  Interestingly, over 90% of those who tested COVID-19 positive did not have any symptoms. But they were infective and were continuing to spread the virus to those around them. Because of their non-existent or mild symptoms, they had not reached out to a PCR testing facility to get tested for COVID-19, and were only incidentally picked out by the antibody test during the mass screening and testing campaign.
11.  While the Getz Pharma study showed sero-prevalence of 17.5% at workplaces, the newly emergent cases at 6 weeks had an incidence rate of 7%. This means that on baseline, at least 17.5% of the Pakistani adult, working class population has COVID-19 at any given point in time, and every 6 weeks 7% more cases are added to the baseline pool.
12.  We did not study people at high risk other than frontline healthcare providers. We targeted adults in the general population from all walks of life in the urban setting. Hence the findings cannot be extrapolated to rural populations.
13.  We need a household, multistage, cluster random survey to find the true extent of the disease. This is what it looks like in a highly urban, dense, adult working class population.

Glossary:
Term
Definition
Antibody
A blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen. Antibodies combine chemically with substances which the body recognizes as alien, such as bacteria, viruses, and foreign substances in the blood.
Asymptomatic
A condition producing or showing no symptoms.
Case fatality
A case fatality rate (CFR) is the proportion of deaths within a designated population due to a given medical condition (cases), of such cases over the course of the disease. A CFR is conventionally expressed as a percentage and represents a measure of risk.
Immunity
The ability of an organism to resist a particular infection or toxin by the action of specific antibodies or sensitized white blood cells.
Immunoglobulin G
Immunoglobulin G is a type of antibody generated by the body in response to an antigen.
Immunoglobulin M
Immunoglobulin M is one of several isotypes of antibody that are produced by vertebrates. IgM is the largest antibody, and it is the first antibody to appear in the response to initial exposure to an antigen.
Infectivity quotient
In epidemiology, infectivity is the ability of a pathogen to establish an infection. More specifically, infectivity is a pathogen's capacity for horizontal transmission that is, how frequently it spreads among hosts that are not in a parent-child relationship.
SARS-CoV-2
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the strain of coronavirus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the respiratory illness responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic.
Secondary household attack rate
Secondary attack rate refers to the spread of disease in a family, household, dwelling unit, dormitory, or similar circumscribed group.
Sensitivity
The probability that a medical test will detect the condition being tested for in people who actually have the condition. A sensitive test is one that produces true positive results.
Specificity
The specificity of a test rules out someone who has not been exposed to the virus and has not developed antibodies, i.e. a true negative rate.
Serologic test
Serologic tests are blood tests that look for antibodies in your blood. They can involve a number of laboratory techniques. Different types of serologic tests are used to diagnose various disease conditions. Serologic tests have one thing in common. They all focus on proteins made by your immune system.
Seroprevalence
The level of a pathogen in a population, as measured in blood serum.
PCR
Polymerase chain reaction, or PCR, is a laboratory technique used to make multiple copies of a segment of DNA. PCR is very precise and can be used to amplify, or copy, a specific DNA target from a mixture of DNA molecules. It is used to detect the viral load of COVID-19 in the infected population.


References:
Adaptive immunity | Immune response (article) | Khan Academy [Internet]. Khan Academy. 2020. Available from: https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-immune-system/a/adaptive-immunity
Ahmed T, Ali SM. Characteristics of Households and Respondents. Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey. 1992 Jul;1:990-1.
Bendavid E, Mulaney B, Sood N, Shah S, Ling E, Bromley-Dulfano R, Lai C, Weissberg Z, Saavedra R, Tedrow J, Tversky D. COVID-19 Antibody Seroprevalence in Santa Clara County, California. MedRxiv. 2020 Jan 1.
COVID-19 Health Advisory Platform by Ministry of National Health Services Regulations and Coordination [Internet]. Covid.gov.pk. 2020. Available from: http://covid.gov.pk/stats/pakistan
Davis C. How Do the COVID-19 Coronavirus Tests Work? [Internet]. MedicineNet. 2020. Available from: https://www.medicinenet.com/how_do_the_covid-19_coronavirus_tests_work/article.htm
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Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, Wang X, Zhou L, Tong Y, et al. (January 2020). "Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia". The New England Journal of Medicine. 382 (13): 1199–1207. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2001316. PMC 7121484. PMID 31995857.
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Riou J, Althaus CL (January 2020). "Pattern of early human-to-human transmission of Wuhan 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), December 2019 to January 2020". Euro Surveillance. 25 (4). doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.4.2000058. PMC 7001239. PMID 32019669.
Shaikh H. How can we protect contract and informal workers in Pakistan? [Internet].    DAWN.COM. 2019. Available from: https://www.dawn.com/news/1484090#
Shakiba M, Nazari SS, Mehrabian F, Rezvani SM, Ghasempour Z, Heidarzadeh A. Seroprevalence of COVID-19 virus infection in Guilan province, Iran. medRxiv. 2020 Jan 1.
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[1] COVID-19 Health Advisory Platform by Ministry of National Health Services Regulations and Coordination. Covid.gov.pk. 2020
[2] Geo.tv. 2020. Pakistan’s Positivity Rate Of COVID-19 'High', Finds WHO. [online] Available at: https://www.geo.tv/latest/293192-pakistans-positivity-rate-of-covid-19-high-finds-who
[3] Livengood, P., 2020. Austin's Positivity Rate Is The Highest In The Country. So What Does That Mean?. [online] www.kvue.com. Available at: https://www.kvue.com/article/news/health/coronavirus/coronavirus-austin-positivity-rate-covid19-texas-explainer/269-99f46ba3-e44f-4d3b-acbf-63216330a3b4
[4] COVID-19 Health Advisory Platform by Ministry of National Health Services Regulations and Coordination.
[5] Davis, 2020. How Do the COVID-19 Coronavirus Tests Work? Available from: https://www.medicinenet.com/how_do_the_covid-19_coronavirus_tests_work/article.htm
[6] Davis, 2020
[7] Xu Wanzhou, Li Wei, He Xiaoyun, Zhang Caiqing, Mei Siqing, Li Congrong. Serum 2019 New coronavirus IgM and IgG antibodies jointly detect the diagnostic value of the new coronavirus infection .J/OL. Chinese Journal of Test Medicine. 2020;43.
[8] Pakistan Demographics Profile 2019. Indexmundi.com. 2019
[9] Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, Wang X, Zhou L, Tong Y, et al. (January 2020). "Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia"The New England Journal of Medicine382 (13): 1199–1207. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2001316PMC 7121484PMID 31995857.
[11] Bendavid et al., COVID-19 Antibody Seroprevalence in Santa Clara County, California. MedRxiv. 2020 Jan 1.
[12] Wang et al., Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in different types of clinical specimens. Jama. 2020
[13] Adaptive immunity | Immune response (article) | Khan Academy [Internet]. Khan Academy. 2020. Available from: https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-immune-system/a/adaptive-immunity
[14] Herd immunity [Internet]. En.wikipedia.org. 2020. Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herd_immunity#cite_ref-53
[15] Bendavid et al., COVID-19 Antibody Seroprevalence in Santa Clara County, California. MedRxiv. 2020 Jan 1.
[16] Shakiba et al., Seroprevalence of COVID-19 virus infection in Guilan province, Iran. medRxiv. 2020 Jan 1.
[17] Bendavid et al., 2020
[18] Shakiba et al., 2020
[19] Junaidi I. Govt decides to hold Covid-19 prevalence survey [Internet]. DAWN.COM. 2020. Available from: https://www.dawn.com/news/1560956
[20] COVID-19 Health Advisory Platform by Ministry of National Health Services Regulations and Coordination.
[21] Vogel G. Antibody surveys suggesting vast undercount of coronavirus infections may be unreliable [Internet]. Science | AAAS. 2020. Available from: https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/04/antibody-surveys-suggesting-vast-undercount-coronavirus-infections-may-be-unreliable
[22] Vogel, 2020.
[23] Shaikh H. How can we protect contract and informal workers in Pakistan? [Internet].    DAWN.COM. 2019. Available from: https://www.dawn.com/news/1484090#
[24] WHO EMRO | Health service delivery [Internet]. Emro.who.int. 2020. Available from: http://www.emro.who.int/pdf/pak/programmes/service-delivery.pdf?ua=1
[25] COVID-19 Health Advisory Platform by Ministry of National Health Services Regulations and Coordination. Covid.gov.pk. 2020
[26] Ahmed T, Ali SM. Characteristics of Households and Respondents. Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey. 1992 Jul;1:990-1.
[27] COVID-19 Health Advisory Platform

6 comments:

  1. 70℅ of ppl in my circle alone have been infected and recovered. Many of my frnds had anti bodies n never felt symptoms. What i feel is we are very near to herd immunity. I cannot find a single household that has not seen infections, which shows we are almost through it.

    ReplyDelete
  2. New Data on T Cells and the #Coronavirus. Paper shows that patients who had SARS coronavirus infection in 2003 still have (17 years later!) a robust T-cell response to the original SARS coronavirus’s N protein. #COVID11 #Immunity https://blogs.sciencemag.org/pipeline/archives/2020/07/15/new-data-on-t-cells-and-the-coronavirus

    Now comes a new paper in press at Nature. It confirms that convalescent patients from the current epidemic show T-cell responses (mostly CD4+ but some CD8+ as well) to various epitopes of the N (nucleocapsid) protein, which the earlier paper had identified as one of the main antigens as well (along with the Spike and M proteins, among others, with differences between the CD4+ and CD8+ responses as well). Turning to patients who had caught SARS back in 2003 and recovered, it is already known (and worried about) that their antibody responses faded within two or three years. But this paper shows that these patients still have (17 years later!) a robust T-cell response to the original SARS coronavirus’s N protein, which extends an earlier report of such responses going out to 11 years. This new work finds that these cross-react with the new SARS CoV-2 N protein as well. This makes one think, as many have been wondering, that T-cell driven immunity is perhaps the way to reconcile the apparent paradox between (1) antibody responses that seem to be dropping week by week in convalescent patients but (2) few (if any) reliable reports of actual re-infection. That would be good news indeed.

    And turning to patients who have never been exposed to either SARS or the latest SARS CoV-2, this new work confirms that there are people who nonetheless have T cells that are reactive to protein antigens from the new virus. As in the earlier paper, these cells have a different pattern of reactivity compared to people who have recovered from the current pandemic (which also serves to confirm that they truly have not been infected this time around). Recognition of the nsp7 and nsp13 proteins is prominent, as well as the N protein. And when they looked at that nsp7 response, it turns out that the T cells are recognizing particular protein regions that have low homology to those found in the “common cold” coronaviruses – but do have very high homology to various animal coronaviruses.

    Very interesting indeed! That would argue that there has been past zoonotic coronavirus transmission in humans, unknown viruses that apparently did not lead to serious disease, which have provided some people with a level of T-cell based protection to the current pandemic. This could potentially help to resolve another gap in our knowledge, as mentioned in that recent post: when antibody surveys come back saying that (say) 95% of a given population does not appear to have been exposed to the current virus, does that mean that all 95% of them are vulnerable – or not? I’ll reiterate the point of that post here: antibody profiling (while very important) is not the whole story, and we need to know what we’re missing.

    There are still major gaps in our knowledge: how many people have such unknown-coronavirus-induced T-cells? How protective are they? How long-lasting is the T-cell response in people who have been infected with the current SARS CoV-2 virus, and how protective is it in the declining-antibody situation that seems to be common? What sorts of T cell responses will be induced by the various vaccine candidates? We just don’t know yet. But we’re going to find out.

    ReplyDelete
  3. One More Reason to Wear a Mask: You’ll Get Less Sick From COVID-19

    https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2020/07/418181/one-more-reason-wear-mask-youll-get-less-sick-covid-19

    As more and more states promote face masks as a way to control the spread of COVID-19, the top-line message has been: wear a mask to protect others. While it’s true that most face masks are more effective in preventing you from launching droplets into the air than breathing in already dispersed droplets – that doesn’t mean masks offer no protection to the wearer.

    It’s likely that face masks, by blocking even some of the virus-carrying droplets you inhale, can reduce your risk of falling seriously ill from COVID-19, according to Monica Gandhi, MD, an infectious disease specialist at UC San Francisco.

    “The more virus you get into your body, the more sick you are likely to get,” she said.

    In the latest wave of infections in the U.S., the wider use of masks may be one factor for the lower death rates – along with more testing, younger patients and better treatments – said Gandhi. A greater proportion of these new cases have been mild or asymptomatic, though more data is needed to see if they track geographically with higher rates of mask-wearing.

    Worldwide, epidemiological patterns seem to provide a clue. In countries where mask wearing was already commonplace, such as Japan, Taiwan, Thailand, South Korea, and Singapore, and in countries where mask wearing was quickly embraced, such as the Czech Republic, rates of severe illness and death have remained comparatively low.

    These epidemiological observations are among the evidence that Gandhi and colleagues cite in a paper in the Journal of General Internal Medicine, in which they propose that masks can lead to milder or asymptomatic infections by cutting down on the dose of virus people take in.

    “Masks can prevent many infections altogether, as was seen in health care workers when we moved to universal masking. We’re also saying that masks, which filter out a majority of viral particles, can lead to a less severe infection if you do get one,” said Gandhi. “If you get infected, but have no symptoms – that’s the best way you can ever get a virus.”

    The idea that viral dose, also known as viral inoculum, determines the degree of illness is not new, said Gandhi. Descriptions of a dose-mortality curve – how much of a virus is needed to cause death in an animal – were first published in 1938. And after all, the earliest vaccines, which were documented in 16th century China, involved exposing someone to a small amount of smallpox virus to induce mild illness and subsequent immunity.

    A small number viral particles is more likely to be quelled by the immune system before they can proliferate, said Gandhi.

    Researchers have studied dose dependency experimentally with other viral infections, like the flu. In a study with healthy volunteers, those who received a higher dose of the influenza A virus developed more severe symptoms.

    Because the new coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, is potentially lethal, experiments on masking and disease severity have been necessarily limited to animals. In a hamster study, a surgical mask partition between the cages of infected and uninfected hamsters significantly cut COVID-19 transmission. Fewer hamsters caught the virus and those that did showed milder symptoms.

    Tale of Two Cruise Ships
    Gandhi believes the viral inoculum theory helps explain an unusual feature of the new coronavirus – what Anthony Fauci, MD, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, has called its “protean” manifestations.

    Early in the year, as COVID-19 spread around the world, infectious disease experts began to notice this strange aspect of the new virus – the extreme variation in its symptoms and severity. Some who tested positive didn’t seem sick at all, some had symptoms of a cold, others lost their sense of taste or developed delirium, and still others suffered severe pneumonia that led to death.

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  4. Immune system is like a muscle... you lose it you don’t use it

    Vaccines for everything from influenza to measles provide partial protection against COVID-19, according to new Mayo Clinic research, suggesting that parents should get children up to date on shots before school this fall, and senior citizens should schedule their vaccinations before the winter flu season.

    People showed a 28% reduction in COVID-19 risk if they received the PCV13 pneumonia vaccine in the past year compared with those who didn’t, and a 43% reduction if they received the polio vaccine before travels to at-risk locations, the study showed.


    While the population-based study has limitations and was posted online Tuesday without peer review, Mayo officials said there is little harm in using the results to encourage people to seek shots that are recommended anyway.

    “Make sure you get your scheduled vaccines,” said Dr. Andrew Badley, an author of the study and a leader of Mayo’s COVID research task force. “Not doing so is not doing everything you can to reduce your risks.”


    The recommendation comes as Minnesota leaders wrestle with the dilemma of wanting to reopen K-12 schools this fall while facing a rising rate of COVID-19 cases and hospitalizations.

    Gov. Tim Walz will unveil his school reopening plan Thursday, but he made reference during a press briefing Wednesday to a “decision matrix” that will guide districts on whether to reopen with live classrooms, online sessions or a mix. The guidance is expected to give schools discretion, depending on COVID-19 levels in their communities.

    “Our guiding principles are to keep our children and our staff in the buildings safe,” Walz said. “Our second goal right behind that is to get our children back in the schools, especially our littlest learners, if at all possible.”

    The governor on Wednesday highlighted 4 million protective masks that are being distributed to help people comply with Minnesota’s new indoor mask mandate.

    The Minnesota Department of Health on Wednesday reported nine COVID-19 deaths and 681 infections with the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus that causes the infectious disease. That brings the state’s totals to 1,589 deaths and 52,947 known infections.

    The state reported 310 people hospitalized with COVID-19, and 143 of them needing intensive care. Those are both highs for the month of July.

    Cases have been increasing for weeks, initially among teenagers and young adults but now among older, higher-risk individuals who are more likely to need hospital care, said Kris Ehresmann, state infectious disease director.


    https://m.startribune.com/non-covid-vaccines-offer-some-covid-protection-mayo-reports/571949932/

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  5. Your #Coronavirus Test Is Positive. Maybe It Shouldn’t Be. In 3 sets of data in #Massachusetts , #NewYork and #Nevada , up to 90% of people testing positive for #COVID19 carried barely any virus. Low virus load may not be contagious.- The New York Times

    https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/29/health/coronavirus-testing.html

    Some of the nation’s leading public health experts are raising a new concern in the endless debate over coronavirus testing in the United States: The standard tests are diagnosing huge numbers of people who may be carrying relatively insignificant amounts of the virus.

    Most of these people are not likely to be contagious, and identifying them may contribute to bottlenecks that prevent those who are contagious from being found in time. But researchers say the solution is not to test less, or to skip testing people without symptoms, as recently suggested by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

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    In three sets of testing data that include cycle thresholds, compiled by officials in Massachusetts, New York and Nevada, up to 90 percent of people testing positive carried barely any virus, a review by The Times found.

    On Thursday, the United States recorded 45,604 new coronavirus cases, according to a database maintained by The Times. If the rates of contagiousness in Massachusetts and New York were to apply nationwide, then perhaps only 4,500 of those people may actually need to isolate and submit to contact tracing.

    One solution would be to adjust the cycle threshold used now to decide that a patient is infected. Most tests set the limit at 40, a few at 37. This means that you are positive for the coronavirus if the test process required up to 40 cycles, or 37, to detect the virus.

    Tests with thresholds so high may detect not just live virus but also genetic fragments, leftovers from infection that pose no particular risk — akin to finding a hair in a room long after a person has left, Dr. Mina said.

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    Instead, new data underscore the need for more widespread use of rapid tests, even if they are less sensitive.

    “The decision not to test asymptomatic people is just really backward,” said Dr. Michael Mina, an epidemiologist at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, referring to the C.D.C. recommendation.

    “In fact, we should be ramping up testing of all different people,” he said, “but we have to do it through whole different mechanisms.”

    In what may be a step in this direction, the Trump administration announced on Thursday that it would purchase 150 million rapid tests.

    The most widely used diagnostic test for the new coronavirus, called a PCR test, provides a simple yes-no answer to the question of whether a patient is infected.

    But similar PCR tests for other viruses do offer some sense of how contagious an infected patient may be: The results may include a rough estimate of the amount of virus in the patient’s body.

    “We’ve been using one type of data for everything, and that is just plus or minus — that’s all,” Dr. Mina said. “We’re using that for clinical diagnostics, for public health, for policy decision-making.”


    But yes-no isn’t good enough, he added. It’s the amount of virus that should dictate the infected patient’s next steps. “It’s really irresponsible, I think, to forgo the recognition that this is a quantitative issue,” Dr. Mina said.

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  6. #Pfizer and #Moderna #Vaccines Likely to Produce Lasting Immunity Against #COVID19, Study Finds. Most people immunized with the mRNA vaccines may not need boosters, so long as the virus and its variants do not evolve much beyond current forms. #DeltaPlus https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/28/health/coronavirus-vaccines-immunity.html?smid=tw-share

    The vaccines made by Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna set off a persistent immune reaction in the body that may protect against the coronavirus for years, scientists reported on Monday.

    The findings add to growing evidence that most people immunized with the mRNA vaccines may not need boosters, so long as the virus and its variants do not evolve much beyond their current forms — which is not guaranteed. People who recovered from Covid-19 before being vaccinated may not need boosters even if the virus does make a significant transformation.

    “It’s a good sign for how durable our immunity is from this vaccine,” said Ali Ellebedy, an immunologist at Washington University in St. Louis who led the study, which was published in the journal Nature.

    The study did not consider the coronavirus vaccine made by Johnson & Johnson, but Dr. Ellebedy said he expected the immune response to be less durable than that produced by mRNA vaccines.


    Dr. Ellebedy and his colleagues reported last month that in people who survived Covid-19, immune cells that recognize the virus lie quiescent in the bone marrow for at least eight months after infection. A study by another team indicated that so-called memory B cells continue to mature and strengthen for at least a year after infection.

    Based on those findings, researchers suggested that immunity might last for years, possibly a lifetime, in people who were infected with the coronavirus and later vaccinated. But it was unclear whether vaccination alone might have a similarly long-lasting effect.

    Dr. Ellebedy’s team sought to address that question by looking at the source of memory cells: the lymph nodes, where immune cells train to recognize and fight the virus.

    After an infection or a vaccination, a specialized structure called the germinal center forms in lymph nodes. This structure is an elite school of sorts for B cells — a boot camp where they become increasingly sophisticated and learn to recognize a diverse set of viral genetic sequences.

    The broader the range and the longer these cells have to practice, the more likely they are to be able to thwart variants of the virus that may emerge.

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